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Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children

    Authors

    • Sediqeh Abyar 1
    • Hadi Zeini Malekabad 2
    • Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Mousavi 2

    1 Master's Degree Graduate of Nahjal-Balagha, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

    2 Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

,
Articles in Press

Document Type : Research

10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499
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Abstract

The present study aims to explain the role of parents in the social upbringing of children from the perspective of the teachings of Imam ʿAlī (pbuh). To this end, it provides an educational analysis of Ḥikmah 38 of Nahj al-Balāgha. In this Ḥikmah, Imam ʿAlī (pbuh), with a forward-looking and criterion-based approach, identifies four groups of individuals from whom one should refrain from companionship: the fool, the miser, the immoral person, and the liar. This classification is not only an ethical warning but also a strategic roadmap for parents in guiding the social development of their children. The research employs a qualitative and analytical method, drawing on exegetical, hadith-based, and social-psychological sources. Each criterion is examined in terms of its educational and cognitive dimensions, and its application in parenting styles is articulated. The findings show that Imam ʿAlī (pbuh), instead of naming specific individuals, introduces a set of dangerous character traits and, through this approach, teaches parents to instill in their children “the criteria for recognizing healthy friendships,” rather than merely warning them against particular people. The study further demonstrates that these criteria align with findings in educational and social psychology, showing that standards such as self-regulation, awareness of behavioral consequences, trust-building, and emotional coherence play essential roles in selecting friends. The main innovation of the research is the articulation of this religious teaching in the form of an educational model applicable within family and school settings—one that emphasizes cultivating moral discernment in children rather than relying on external control.

Keywords

  • Imam ʿAlī (pbuh)
  • Ḥikmah 38 of Nahj al-Balāgha
  • social upbringing of children
  • friendship-selection criteria

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  • Studies on Understanding Ḥadīth
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Studies on Understanding Hadith

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 06 January 2026
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How to cite
  • RIS
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  • Article View: 47
  • PDF Download: 13

APA

Abyar, S. , Zeini Malekabad, H. and Mousavi, S. M. H. (2026). Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children. Studies on Understanding Hadith, (), 147-168. doi: 10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499

MLA

Abyar, S. , , Zeini Malekabad, H. , and Mousavi, S. M. H. . "Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children", Studies on Understanding Hadith, , , 2026, 147-168. doi: 10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499

HARVARD

Abyar, S., Zeini Malekabad, H., Mousavi, S. M. H. (2026). 'Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children', Studies on Understanding Hadith, (), pp. 147-168. doi: 10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499

CHICAGO

S. Abyar , H. Zeini Malekabad and S. M. H. Mousavi, "Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children," Studies on Understanding Hadith, (2026): 147-168, doi: 10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499

VANCOUVER

Abyar, S., Zeini Malekabad, H., Mousavi, S. M. H. Educational Analysis of the Criteria for Friendship in Nahj al-Balāgha, Ḥikmah 38 With Emphasis on the Role of Parents in the Social Guidance of Children. Studies on Understanding Hadith, 2026; (): 147-168. doi: 10.30479/mfh.2026.22466.2499

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